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Pick a fungal pal, grow your colony, dodge antifungal disks. The sister game to PetriPals.
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A cute mycology game for the browser, and the sister game to PetriPals. Pick a fungal pal and eat nutrients to grow your colony, but steer clear of the antifungal disks and their zones of inhibition.
▶ Play FunGals: works on computers, phones and tablets.
A cute mycology game for the browser, and the sister game to PetriPals. Pick a fungal gal and eat nutrients to grow your colony, but steer clear of the antifungal disks and their zones of inhibition.
Pick a gal. Each one is a real fungus, drawn as a cartoon.
Swim around the dish. Use the arrow keys, or on a touch screen, drag your gal like a trackpad: touch anywhere on the dish and slide your finger, and she moves the same way.
Eat nutrients to bud. Every cell that eats a nutrient buds: a little daughter cell swells out of her side and grows to full size. Daughters stick together in clusters, the way budding yeast does on a plate. Yara's line up end to end in chains instead.
Don't touch the antifungals. Touching a disk, or the clear zone of inhibition around it, ends the game. The zones start small and spread outward over the first few seconds, so grab the nutrients near the disks early. The game-over card's "Did you know?" line then says how that drug works (ANTIFUNGAL_FACTS in public/game/config.js), or shows a fact about your gal if that drug has none; beating a level shows a fact about your gal.
There are seven levels. Each one adds another antifungal disk and doubles the colony you need to grow, from 4 cells up to 256. Each yeast has four or five antifungals, so the later levels start over from her first drugs.
Playing a mold: Fumi
Fumi (Aspergillus fumigatus) plays differently. You're one of her tiny spores, floating over the agar. Land on a nutrient and a spore germinates right there: a colony starts small and spreads out in a circle, white and fluffy with a greenish middle where it's making spores. A colony counts as soon as it starts, and you need 6 colonies on level 1 and 6 more each level, up to 42. Like the yeasts, she has 1 antifungal disk on level 1 and one more each level (drugs repeat once she's had them all). There are only 4 nutrients on her plate at a time (the yeasts get 8), since each one is a whole colony.
Watch out for the disks: a colony that touches an antifungal disk, or its zone of inhibition, pops, the whole colony at once, and you lose it from your count. The colonies keep spreading and the zones keep widening for the first few seconds, so leave room. Your spore touching one is still game over. A nutrient under a colony isn't wasted: new nutrients can turn up under a colony, and a colony can spread over one, and either way it starts a new colony right there.
Penelope, Miri, Ruby, Rosie, Trixie, Velma and Ember play like Fumi
Penelope (Penicillium rubens), the penicillin mold, plays exactly like Fumi: you're a spore, each nutrient starts a colony, and you grow the same number of colonies each level. Her colonies turn denim blue in the middle, with a white fluffy edge. Miri (Aspergillus oryzae), the koji mold, plays the same way; her colonies turn olive yellow-green. Ruby (Hydnellum peckii), the bleeding tooth fungus, is a mushroom but plays the same way too: her colonies look like little white caps from above, browning in the middle and beading with red drops as they ripen. Rosie (Sporothrix schenckii) plays the same way; her colonies start cream and turn wrinkly and dark brown-black from the middle out. Trixie (Trichophyton mentagrophytes) plays the same way too; her colonies are white and powdery, with a warm tan middle. Velma (Flammulina velutipes), the velvet shank mushroom, plays the same way; her colonies are soft and cottony, and a tiny bunch of orange caps pops up in each one's middle as it ripens. Ember (Neurospora intermedia), the fire mold, plays the same way with one twist: her colonies spread about a third faster and get just a little wider (FAST_GROW_SECONDS and FAST_FULL in config.js), so they spread over nutrients sooner but also reach the zones sooner. They turn bright orange from the middle out, with orange tufts of spores.
Bea swims, and her pods do too
Bea (Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis), the frog chytrid, plays like Fumi with a twist from her life cycle. You're her swimming spore, and each nutrient you reach starts a small, round spore pod instead of a spreading colony. A pod fills with spores, and when it's ripe it bursts and three tiny swimmers paddle off, each to the nearest nutrient, where it starts a new pod on its own. Every pod counts toward the level, so her swimmers help you win, but a swimmer that paddles into a zone pops.
Who’s That Gal?
Tap Who’s That Gal? on the home page for a quiz on the gals' fun facts, like PetriPals' Who’s That Pal?. You get one fact with "this gal" in place of her name: tap the gal it's about. Each fact shows 12 gals at most, always including the right one, so with more than 12 a different few sit out each time. A wrong guess greys that gal out so you can try again, and the right one puts her name back in and shows her species. There's no score, so it's just for learning. The quiz skips facts that fit any yeast (like having a nucleus); the ones it uses are listed in public/game/quiz-facts.js.
Family Tree
Tap Family Tree on the home page to see how the gals are related. It shows one branch at a time, phone-sized: each branch is a card with a kid-friendly name, its science name, a short note and the faces of the gals on it. Tap a branch to go in, and Back (or a step in the trail at the top) to go back up; Back to home shows only at the top of the tree. Tap a gal at the tip of a branch to see her branches and all her fun facts, and tap her again to close it. It starts from the fungi, then splits into the chytrids (Bea, whose spores swim) and the sac fungi and club fungi. A link like family-tree.html#club opens right on a branch. The tree, simplified to show only the gals in the game, is in public/game/tree.js; a new gal needs a spot on it, and a test checks that every gal is there.
The gals
The home page shows 12 of them at most (HOME in public/game/gals.js), so not every gal is on it; the picker shows them all.
Gal
Species
Looks
Sasha
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Wheat-colored oval yeast with a bud and two bud scars
Candi
Candida albicans
Sky-blue oval yeast with a bud and two bud scars
Olive
Malassezia furfur
Olive-green bowling pin: a broad-based bud on one end, with a collarette at the neck
Fumi
Aspergillus fumigatus
Smoky green mold: a round head on a stalk, topped with columns of spores. In the dish, one little spore
Penelope
Penicillium rubens
A denim-blue paintbrush of a mold, with a wide fan of spore chains for bristles. In the dish, one round blue spore
Yara
Yarrowia lipolytica
An apricot yeast: one plump, egg-shaped cell with droplets of fat inside, budding at her end
Trixie
Trichophyton mentagrophytes
A mint mold: a round head on a stalk in a grape-like bunch of round spores, with a springy spiral thread. In the dish, one round spore
Velma
Flammulina velutipes
The velvet shank: a bunch of broad orange caps on stems that turn dark, velvety brown at the bottom, growing from a bit of dead wood. In the dish, one round spore
Ember
Neurospora intermedia
A fire mold: her face on a slightly wider stretch of stalk, which splits above into uneven branches carrying chains of orange spores at different heights, fading to gold like flames. In the dish, one round orange spore
Bea
Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis
An orchid chytrid: a round, swimming spore with a long, wavy tail and a little fat droplet inside. In the dish, the same, with her tail wiggling
Rosie
Sporothrix schenckii
A short spore stalk crowned with a loose fan of cream and dusty-rose teardrop spores, with dark spores along her thread. In the dish, one oval spore
Ruby
Hydnellum peckii
The bleeding tooth fungus: a fuzzy white mushroom cap beaded with red drops, with little spikes underneath. In the dish, one round, warty spore
The real science
Budding: yeasts don't split in two like bacteria do. A small bud swells out of the mother cell and pinches off, which is why each daughter starts small in the dish and grows. Every bud leaves a ring-shaped scar on the mother, like the two on Sasha's and Candi's pictures.
Olive buds from one end:Malassezia furfur buds again and again from the same end, on a wide base, so mother and bud make a bowling pin. Each bud leaves a collar there, the collarette, instead of scattered bud scars, and in the dish her buds always grow from the top. She's olive green for the olive oil labs pour over her plates: she can't make her own fatty acids, so she needs oil to grow.
Candi buds too, but Candida albicans can also switch from budding yeast to hyphae, long thread-like cells. In the lab, sprouting germ tubes (the start of a hypha) in serum is a classic test for her.
Yara loves fat.Yarrowia lipolytica ("fat-breaking") lives on fats and oils, in cheese, sausages, soil and oily seawater, and stores fat in droplets inside her cells, sometimes over a third of her weight, so companies grow her to make omega-3s and biofuels. She can bud like any yeast, but her daughters often stay attached end to end in chains (pseudohyphae), and she can grow true hyphae too. In the dish she buds from her ends, and her daughters line up in chains of up to 4 cells, after which a new daughter starts a chain of her own. Her antifungals are estimates, since there are no standard disk sizes for Yarrowia; fluconazole works only weakly on her, so its zone is small.
Peachy lives on methanol.Komagataella phaffii, long known as Pichia pastoris (the name many labs still use), can feed on methanol, a simple alcohol most living things can't use. She breaks it down inside peroxisomes, little bags in her cells that swell on methanol until they fill most of the cell. Labs use her as a protein factory: given a new gene, she makes proteins like insulin, vaccine parts and enzymes. She plays like Sasha, budding into clusters. Her antifungals are estimates, since there are no standard disk sizes for Komagataella.
Maizey is corn smut.Ustilago maydis swells corn kernels into big gray galls full of dark spores, which are eaten in Mexico as huitlacoche. On her own she's a harmless, cigar-shaped yeast that buds from her tips, and that's how she plays: her daughters cluster like the other yeasts', a little farther apart. To infect corn, two cells of different mating types have to fuse first. She's a basidiomycete, a cousin of mushrooms. Her antifungals are estimates, since there are no standard disk sizes for Ustilago.
Neve's capsule.Cryptococcus neoformans wears a thick sugar coat, her capsule, that shows up as a bright halo around her in India ink and helps her hide from the immune system. She lives in soil and old pigeon droppings, people catch her by breathing her in, and she can cause meningitis, mostly in people with weakened immune systems. In the dish every cell wears its capsule, so her clusters sit a little more spread out. She's treated with amphotericin B and flucytosine, then fluconazole, and echinocandins like caspofungin don't work on her at all, so she gets no caspofungin disk. Her zones are estimates, since there are no standard disk sizes for .
Running it locally
The game is plain HTML, CSS and JavaScript in public/, with no build step. To run it with the included dev server:
npm test # run the tests
npm run test:coverage # run them and check how much of the game they cover
The tests use Vitest. Most of the game logic runs in jsdom, a simulated browser page. The coverage check fails if the tests leave game code untested (the thresholds are in vitest.config.js), and the deploy runs it, so untested code doesn't ship.
Project layout
FunGals started as a copy of the PetriPals engine (steering, nutrients, disks and zones, the loading card and the win spores), with the bacteria swapped out for fungi.
Path
What's there
public/index.html
Home page
public/pal-picker.html
Pick a gal
public/petri-dish.html
The game
public/whos-that-gal.html
Who’s That Gal?, a quiz: which gal is this fact about?
public/game/
Game code: the game loop (game.js), a colony eating and budding (colony.js), the mold game, where a spore starts colonies that spread (mold.js), the end-of-level pop-up both games share (banner.js), how yeast cells bud and cluster (yeast.js, with the cluster math in attach.js), steering (keyboard.js, touch.js), antifungal disks and zones (antifungal.js), nutrients, physics, settings and fun facts (config.js), the fun-fact pop-up (facts.js, with italics for scientific names from italics.js) the win spores (spores.js), and Who’s That Gal? (whos-that-gal.js, with the facts' "this gal" swap in guess.js and the facts it asks about in quiz-facts.js)
public/game/gals.js
Every gal's name and drawing, in one place. To add a gal, see the notes at the top.
test/
Tests
src/index.ts
Small Express server for local development
Deployment
Every push to main runs the tests and the coverage check and, if they pass, publishes public/ to GitHub Pages (see .github/workflows/pages.yml). In the repo's Settings → Pages, set Source to GitHub Actions once.
Contributing
Bug reports, ideas and fixes are welcome! See CONTRIBUTING.md for how to get started, and please follow the Code of Conduct.
A round, soft-aqua yeast in a thick, glossy, see-through capsule, with a small bud on a narrow neck
Maizey
Ustilago maydis
A plum yeast: one long, cigar-shaped cell with a small bud at her tip
Peachy
Komagataella phaffii
A rose-pink yeast: one plump oval cell with round peroxisomes inside and a small bud on top
Miri
Aspergillus oryzae
A golden puff of spore chains pointing every way, on a tall, bumpy stalk. In the dish, one round golden spore
Cryptococcus
Ruby bleeds, but not blood.Hydnellum peckii, the bleeding tooth fungus, is a mushroom whose young, fuzzy white caps push out drops of red sap. Instead of gills, the underside of her cap has little spikes (teeth) that drop her spores. She lives with pine and spruce trees, trading nutrients with their roots, so she's hard to grow in a real dish without a tree partner. In the game she plays like Fumi, and her colonies bead with red drops as they ripen. Her antifungals are estimates, since there are no standard disk sizes for Hydnellum.
Rosie and the rose thorn.Sporothrix schenckii lives in soil, moss, hay and on plants like rose bushes, and causes sporotrichosis, "rose gardener's disease," when a thorn or scratch carries her into the skin. She's dimorphic: a mold in the cool soil and a budding yeast in a warm body. As a mold, her tiny spores crowd into little bunches at her thread tips, and darker spores sit right on her threads; her colonies start cream and darken to a wrinkly brown-black. Itraconazole is her usual treatment and terbinafine works well too, while fluconazole works poorly, so her disks are itraconazole, terbinafine, amphotericin B, posaconazole and fluconazole. Their zones are estimates, since there are no standard disk sizes for Sporothrix.
Trixie lives on skin.Trichophyton mentagrophytes is a dermatophyte, a mold that eats keratin, the tough protein in skin, hair and nails. She's one of the molds behind athlete's foot and the round, red "ringworm" rash (no worm involved), and she lives on pets and rodents too, spreading by touch. Under the microscope her round spores grow in grape-like bunches, and some of her threads coil into springs. Terbinafine is her usual treatment, with itraconazole and the older griseofulvin working too and fluconazole working poorly, so her disks are terbinafine, itraconazole, griseofulvin, voriconazole and fluconazole. Their zones are estimates, since there are no standard disk sizes for Trichophyton.
Velma wears velvet stockings.Flammulina velutipes is the velvet shank, a wild mushroom that grows in bunches on dead wood in winter, with sticky orange caps on stems that turn dark brown and velvety toward the bottom (velutipes means "velvet foot"). She can freeze, thaw and keep growing. The long, pale enoki sold in stores is her close cousin Flammulina filiformis, grown in dark bottles. In the dish her colonies are soft and cottony, and each one sprouts a tiny bunch of orange caps as it ripens. Her disks are amphotericin B, terbinafine, voriconazole, itraconazole and fluconazole, which basidiomycetes like her tend to shrug off. Their zones are estimates, since there are no standard disk sizes for Flammulina.
Ember follows fires.Neurospora intermedia is one of the first fungi to grow on burnt sugarcane and plants after a fire, since heat wakes up her spores, and she's one of the fastest-growing fungi known, her threads spreading millimeters an hour. Her bright orange comes from carotenoids. In Indonesia she's used to make oncom, a fermented food made from leftovers like peanut press cake. Her cousin Neurospora crassa is a famous lab fungus that helped show that genes make enzymes. Her disks are voriconazole, amphotericin B, posaconazole, itraconazole and fluconazole; their zones are estimates, since there are no standard disk sizes for Neurospora.
Bea swims.Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, "Bd" for short, is a chytrid, one of the only groups of fungi with swimming spores (zoospores), each pushed along by one tail, a flagellum. A spore settles in a frog's skin and swells into a round pod (a zoosporangium) with tiny root-like threads (rhizoids), and when it's ripe, new swimmers pour out through little spouts. She causes chytridiomycosis, a skin disease that upsets how frogs breathe and drink, and she has spread around the world and caused many frog species to decline. Her species name comes from the poison dart frogs (Dendrobatidae) she was first found on. Infected frogs are usually treated with itraconazole baths, so her disks are itraconazole, terbinafine, voriconazole, amphotericin B and fluconazole. Their zones are estimates, since there are no standard disk sizes for Batrachochytrium.
Fumi's colonies grow the way mold colonies really do: each starts from a single spore (a conidium) that sprouts threads (hyphae), and the hyphae grow from their tips at the colony's edge. So a colony spreads out in a circle at a steady pace, rather than doubling like a heap of budding yeast. The middle is oldest, so that's where it makes spores first and turns green, while the rest, still growing, stays white and fluffy.
Fumi's picture is her conidiophore, the stalk that makes her spores: a swollen head (the vesicle) with spores in chains that stand up from its top in a column. That shape, a bit like the aspergillum used to sprinkle holy water, gave Aspergillus its name. Fumigatus means "smoky," for her grey-green colonies.
Fumi's antifungals: voriconazole is the usual first choice against her, then other azoles (itraconazole, posaconazole), amphotericin B and caspofungin, the five drugs on her disks. Like most molds, she's naturally resistant to fluconazole, so she never gets an FLC disk. There's a CLSI disk test for molds (M51), but no settled zone sizes for Aspergillus, so her zones are estimates.
Penelope is Fleming's penicillin mold. In 1928 she spoiled one of Alexander Fleming's plates of bacteria, and the bacteria around her died. The strain that made penicillin for the world came from her too, on a moldy cantaloupe a lab worker, Mary Hunt ("Moldy Mary"), found at a market in Peoria, Illinois, in 1943. Fleming's mold was long called Penicillium notatum, but DNA showed it was P. rubens. Penicillin breaks bacteria's cell walls, which fungi don't have, so it can't hurt her.
Penelope's picture is her spore stalk (a conidiophore). Its top branches into short arms with straight chains of spores, like the bristles of a little paintbrush, which is what Penicillium means. Fumi's stalk instead ends in a round, swollen head. Her spores are blue, so her colonies turn blue as they make them.
Penelope's antifungals are estimates, since there are no standard disk sizes for Penicillium: itraconazole, amphotericin B, posaconazole, voriconazole and caspofungin. Like most molds, she's naturally resistant to fluconazole, so she never gets an FLC disk.
Miri is the koji mold. Grown on steamed rice or soybeans, she makes the enzymes that turn starch into sugar and protein into savory umami flavors, which is how soy sauce, miso, sake, mirin and rice vinegar get made. People have grown her on purpose for over 2,000 years, and in 2006 the Brewing Society of Japan named her its "national fungus." She's a tame relative of Aspergillus flavus, but she doesn't make its poison, aflatoxin.
Miri's picture is her spore stalk. She's Fumi's cousin, in the same genus, but where Fumi's spore chains stand up in a column, Miri's point out in every direction from her round head, making a puff. Her stalk is rough, so it's drawn bumpy.
Miri's antifungals are estimates, like Fumi's: voriconazole, amphotericin B, posaconazole, itraconazole and caspofungin. Like Fumi, she's naturally resistant to fluconazole, so she never gets an FLC disk.
The antifungal disks work like the Kirby-Bauer disk test for bacteria. Candida has a standard disk test (CLSI M44), so Candi's zones are ballpark sizes for a susceptible strain. Saccharomyces and Malassezia have no standard disk sizes, so Sasha's and Olive's are estimates from how well each drug works on them. Fluconazole only weakly holds Saccharomyces back, so Sasha's fluconazole zone is small. Malassezia is naturally resistant to echinocandins, so Olive's caspofungin disk has no zone at all: you can swim right up to it, but don't touch the disk itself.
The disk codes are the standard ones: FLC (fluconazole), VOR (voriconazole), KCA (ketoconazole), ITC (itraconazole), POS (posaconazole), CAS (caspofungin), MCF (micafungin), AMB (amphotericin B) and NY (nystatin).
The zones spread because the drug diffuses outward from the disk into the agar: fast at first, then more slowly. On a real plate this takes hours of incubation; the game speeds it up to a few seconds.
