Barcode Truth

aritrade1709.github.io/barcode-truth

Scan a product barcode and see what its digits actually encode. The leading digits identify the GS1 member organisation that issued the company its number — not where the product was made. This shows the difference, using the manufacturer's own declared origin where one exists.

What it is

There is a widely repeated claim that the first three digits of a barcode tell you a product's country of origin — that 890 means made in India, 690 means made in China. It isn't true. Those digits record which GS1 office a company registered with. A company can register in one country and manufacture in any other, and many do.

This tool puts the two answers side by side. Scan a can of Coca-Cola and the prefix points at Belgium, the declared factory is in Atlanta, and the origin field says the United Kingdom — one barcode, three different countries. Where a manufacturer has declared nothing, which is the common case, it says so rather than guessing.

Using it

• Use camera to scan a barcode with the rear camera. Hold the barcode inside the outlined band; that band is the region actually being read.
• Type the digits if the camera is unavailable or the barcode is damaged. EAN-13, UPC-A, UPC-E, EAN-8 and GTIN-14 are all accepted, with or without spaces and hyphens.
• The example chips cover each distinct outcome: a prefix that contradicts the declared factory, one that happens to agree with it, one where only a city was declared, one where nothing was declared, a shop's own internal label, and a book.

Everything runs in the browser. Camera frames are decoded on-device and never uploaded; the only outbound request is a barcode lookup against Open Food Facts.

How it works

Prefix resolution. GS1 publishes its prefix allocations as ranges, mixing three-digit entries (300–379, France) with four-digit ones (960–9624, GS1 UK's GTIN-8 block). Compared as plain integers those two families collide, so every range is normalised to a common four-digit interval — the low bound padded with zeros, the high bound with nines — which makes the table tile without overlap and lets a lookup be a single interval test. The generator asserts non-overlap when it builds the table.

Ranges are classified, because not all of them name an organisation. 020–029, 040–049 and 200–299 are restricted-circulation numbers that a shop or company issues to itself; they are valid only inside the building they came from. 978–979 is ISBN, 977 is ISSN, 981–983 and 990–999 are coupons. These resolve to "no country at all" rather than to a wrong country.

Origin reconciliation. Open Food Facts stores manufacturing_places and origins as separate fields, and they mean different things — where it was made, versus where the ingredients came from. They are compared separately and in that order. Red Bull sold in Morocco declares Austrian ingredients and a Moroccan factory; pooling the two fields into one set would find "Austria", match it against the Austrian prefix, and report agreement where there is a contradiction. The factory is compared first, and ingredient origin is used only as a labelled fallback.

Free-text place names are matched against a country vocabulary derived from the GS1 table itself, so the project ships one country list rather than two. Names that are also common subnational places are demoted when an unambiguous name appears alongside them — "Atlanta, Georgia, United States" resolves to the United States, not to Georgia the country. A declared place that is a city rather than a country yields no inference at all.

Digit structure. The GS1 prefix and the check digit are located exactly. The boundary between the company prefix and the item reference is not, and is presented as unknowable: GS1 issues company prefixes of varying length and does not publish the lengths, so any tool drawing a fixed line there is guessing.

Check digit. The modulo-10 check digit is recomputed and the arithmetic is displayed rather than reduced to a pass or fail. Weights alternate 3 and 1 starting from the rightmost payload digit, which is the detail most implementations get wrong on even-length codes.

Scanning. Chrome and Android expose a native BarcodeDetector; Safari does not. The native detector is used when it reports support for the relevant formats, and a ZXing decoder is dynamically imported only when it is absent — so the browsers that have a decoder never download the 400 KB fallback. Both decoders are handed the same cropped central band rather than the full frame, since a barcode is a wide, short thing and decoding the rest is wasted work. A decoded value must appear in two separate frames, and pass its check digit, before it is accepted; single frames produce occasional confident misreads under motion blur and glare.

Offline behaviour. The prefix table and a set of demo products are committed, so the whole analysis path works with no network. Product lookups check the cache first, then try Open Food Facts, Open Products Facts and Open Beauty Facts in turn.

Running locally

pnpm install
pnpm dev

No environment variables, no API keys, no accounts.

Command
pnpm dev	development server
pnpm build	production build
pnpm test	tests
pnpm gs1	regenerate the GS1 prefix table
pnpm fixtures	re-cache the demo products

The two regeneration scripts are not needed to run or build the project; their output is committed. pnpm test requires Node 23.6 or newer, as the tests are TypeScript executed directly by Node.

Built with

TypeScript and Vite, with no framework and no backend. ZXing is the fallback barcode decoder. Deployed as a static site on GitHub Pages.

Data sources

Source	Terms	Notes
GS1 prefix allocations	CC BY-SA	144 ranges covering 131 member-organisation territories. Transcribed on Wikipedia from GS1's published company prefix list. Committed to the repository.
Open Food Facts	ODbL	Product names, brands, images and declared origins. No key required.
Open Products Facts · Open Beauty Facts	ODbL	Same API, queried when a code is not in the food database.

Product data is contributed by Open Food Facts volunteers and is made available under the Open Database License. Individual product images are licensed by their contributors.

License

MIT