CurdClear

In 60 seconds

1. Milk is water with things floating in it. Cow milk is about 87% water. Lactose, minerals and whey proteins are dissolved in it, fat floats as droplets a few thousandths of a millimetre wide, and casein protein hangs in balls called micelles, about 150 nanometres across. Each micelle has a coat of negatively charged hairs, so micelles push each other away and milk stays liquid.
2. A spoon of jaman is a spoon of bacteria. Old curd carries around a hundred million live lactic acid bacteria in every gram. In warm milk they eat lactose and give out lactic acid, and at their best they double about every half hour. Cold slows them almost to a stop and heat above about 50 °C kills them.
3. At pH 4.6 the milk sets. The acid pulls the pH down from about 6.7. Hydrogen ions cancel the charge on the micelles, and near pH 4.6, casein's isoelectric point, the micelles stick together into a network. The network traps all the water and fat, so the liquid becomes a soft solid, a gel. Nothing is removed.
4. Warmth and time decide the pot. Lukewarm milk at about 40 °C sets in roughly five to seven hours. A bare pot on a cold night cools in a couple of hours and may never set, which is why Indian homes wrap it or tuck it into a casserole. Boiling the milk first clears out rival microbes and makes the gel about twenty times stiffer.
5. Whey and sourness have causes. The greenish water on curd is whey, squeezed out as the protein network tightens. Leaving the pot warm for too long, setting it too hot, or shaking it while it sets all make it worse. Sourness is simply more lactic acid, and a fridge nearly stops the bacteria that make it.
6. One trick, many foods. Yoghurt is curd made with two named bacteria at about 42 °C. Paneer uses acid in hot milk and no bacteria. Cheese uses rennet, an enzyme that cuts the hairs off the micelles. From dahi itself come lassi, chaas, shrikhand and mishti doi.

Words worth knowing

Term	Meaning
Casein micelle	A ball of casein protein and calcium phosphate about 150 nanometres across. Milk holds around a hundred trillion in every millilitre.
Lactose	Milk sugar, about 4.8% of milk. Lactic acid bacteria ferment part of it into lactic acid.
Lactic acid bacteria	Harmless bacteria, such as Lactococcus, Streptococcus thermophilus and Lactobacillus, that turn sugars into lactic acid.
Jaman (starter)	A spoon of old curd stirred into warm milk. Its live bacteria make the next batch.
pH	A scale of acidity. Fresh milk is about 6.7 and set curd about 4.6. Each unit down means ten times more hydrogen ions.
Isoelectric point	The pH at which a protein has no net charge. For casein it is 4.6, and there the micelles stick together.
Gel	A soft solid made of a thin network that traps a lot of liquid. Curd is a gel of casein holding water and fat.
Whey and syneresis	Whey is the watery part of milk. Syneresis is a gel shrinking and squeezing whey out.
Rennet	Enzymes that clot milk for cheese by cutting the kappa-casein hairs off the micelles, with no acid needed.

A short history

Nearly 9,000 years from milk left in a clay pot to the bacteria in every cup of dahi.

• 6500 BCE · Milk fat in the oldest pots (Neolithic farmers, North-western Anatolia (today Turkey))
• 2500 BCE · Dairy in the Indus valley (People of the Indus Valley Civilisation, Kotada Bhadli, Gujarat)
• 1200 BCE · Dadhi in the Vedas (Composers of the Vedic hymns, North-western Indian subcontinent)
• 1073 · The word yoghurt is written down (Mahmud al-Kashgari, Baghdad)
• 1780 · The acid in sour milk (Carl Wilhelm Scheele, Köping, Sweden)
• 1857 · Souring is the work of living microbes (Louis Pasteur, Lille, France)
• 1905 · The yoghurt bacillus (Stamen Grigorov, Geneva, Switzerland)
• 1919 · Danone begins in Barcelona (Isaac Carasso, Barcelona, Spain)

The full story, with 30 moments, charts, people and 51 sources: glassbox.how/e/curdclear/history. The data lives in history.json.

Video and slides

Made with the Glassbox studio from this box's storyboard (window.glassbox.director). Free to reuse under CC BY 4.0.

File	What	Size
glassbox/reel.mp4	Reel / Short, with captions and soundtrack	1080×1920
glassbox/video.mp4	YouTube video, with captions and soundtrack	1920×1080
glassbox/slide-1…10.jpg	Instagram carousel	1080×1350
glassbox/thumb.jpg	YouTube thumbnail	1280×720
glassbox/cover.jpg	Share card and repo social preview	1200×630
glassbox/history-reel.mp4	“History in 10 moments” Reel / Short	1080×1920
glassbox/history-slide-*.jpg	History carousel	1080×1350
glassbox/post.json	Post copy and schedule used by the publish kit

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